REFLEXIONES A LA LUZ DE ORTEGA

 

             Allá por la primera mitad del pasado siglo XX –¡qué lejano suena eso del pasado siglo incluso para el que, como quien suscribe, nació por esas fechas!-,  por esas fechas, repito, Ortega y Gasset, sentando cátedra como siempre, nos dejó esta perla: “La socialización del hombre”. Su línea de pensamiento, intemporal como la naturaleza misma del objeto de su análisis, sigue teniendo vigencia cuando discurre:

            “…La existencia privada, oculta o solitaria, cerrada al público, al gentío, a los demás, va siendo cada vez más difícil… La calle se ha vuelto estentórea… El que quiera meditar, recogerse en sí, tiene que habituarse a hacerlo sumergido en el estruendo público, buzo en océano de ruidos colectivos… No se sabe cuál será el término de este proceso… Desde hace dos generaciones la vida… tiende a desindividualizarse. Todo obliga al hombre a perder unicidad y a hacerse menos compacto. Como la casa se ha hecho porosa, así la persona y el aire público –las ideas, propósitos, gustos- van y vienen a nuestro través y cada cual empieza a sentir que acaso él es cualquier otro… Hay una delicia epidémica en sentirse masa, en no tener destino exclusivo. El hombre se socializa…

            La socialización del hombre es una faena pavorosa. Porque no se contenta con exigirme que lo mío sea para los demás –propósito excelente que no me causa enojo alguno-, sino que me obliga a que lo de los demás sea mío… Prohibido todo aparte, toda propiedad privada, incluso ésa de tener convicciones para uso exclusivo de cada uno… La Prensa se cree con derecho a publicar nuestra vida privada, a juzgarla, a sentenciarla. El Poder Público nos fuerza a dar cada día mayor cantidad de nuestra existencia a la sociedad. No se deja al hombre un rincón de retiro, de soledad consigo…

            Ahora, por lo visto, vuelven muchos hombres a sentir nostalgia del rebaño. Se entregan con pasión a lo que en ellos había aún de ovejas. Quieren marchar por la vida bien juntos, en ruta colectiva, lana contra lana y la cabeza caída. Por eso, en muchos pueblos de Europa andan buscando un pastor y un mastín…

            El odio al liberalismo no procede de otra fuente. Porque el liberalismo, antes que una cuestión de más o menos en política, es una idea radical sobre la vida: es creer que cada ser humano debe quedar franco para henchir su individual e intransferible destino.”

            Valga recordar que, para Ortega, los conceptos de liberalismo y de democracia son diferentes:

            “Democracia y liberalismo son dos respuestas a dos cuestiones de derecho político completamente distintas.

            La democracia responde a esta pregunta: ¿Quién debe ejercer el poder público? La respuesta es: el ejercicio del Poder público corresponde a la colectividad de los ciudadanos…..

            El liberalismo, en cambio, responde a esta otra pregunta: Ejerza quienquiera el Poder público, ¿cuáles deben ser los límites de éste?

     La respuesta suena así: el Poder público, ejérzalo un autócrata o el pueblo, no puede ser absoluto, sino que las personas tienen derechos previos a toda injerencia del Estado. Es, pues, la tendencia a limitar la intervención del Poder público.”  (El Espectador V, 1927).

             Hechas estas salvedades de rigor, y dando por sentado que se me permitirá pensar -y decir sin ambages lo pensado- sin incurrir en la cólera irreflexiva o la descalificación arrebatada del lector apasionado, la coherencia de Ortega me reafirma en la convicción íntima de que es absolutamente necesario poseer una parcela intocable de mundo interior para crecer intelectual y espiritualmente. El hombre, como ser pensante, necesita de la introspección en soledad para poder conocerse y conocer a los demás. Y es de este conocimiento íntimo y relevante que fluye la capacidad de reconocerse y recrearse.

            La renuncia –parcial o total- de nuestra intimidad en favor de lo público, que suele ser insustancial y baladí, resulta en merma de nuestro albedrío, en detrimento de nuestras capacidades de análisis y en deterioro de nuestro potencial creativo.

            Somos seres sociales y precisamente por eso a la sociedad debemos un esfuerzo sostenido de crecimiento moral, ético y filosófico que revierta en beneficio de los demás; nunca el sacrificio de la individualidad, que es base de la creatividad.

            Desdeñar “pastor y mastín”, que es como decir dueño y carcelero, es una obligación insoslayable para todo individuo responsable de su cometido social. Lo contrario es evadir esa responsabilidad, convertirse en “apagado bruto” y recomenzar la escala universal.

            Cuando los pueblos, en su ignorancia o su desesperación, escogen el camino equivocado de sumisión al poder a cambio de migajas de seguridad, cuando voluntariamente depositan su presente y su futuro de libertad en manos de una “promesa fantasma de bienestar”, cuando aceptan con entusiasmo esperanzado que pondrán fin a sus privaciones por el solo hecho de denigrar su individualidad y convertirse en meros engranajes de la maquinaria social, caen, irremisiblemente, en las garras del monstruo feroz que habrá de devorarlos.

            Desdichadamente, los pueblos tienen la mirada fija en el suelo que les brinda alimento y abrigo y no alzan la vista al cielo y a la luz. Por eso es tan fácil engañarlos, tan sencillo acorralarlos, tan simple utilizarlos en la consecución de fines inhumanamente autoritarios. Pero también es cierto que esos mismos pueblos son capaces, cuando hartos de yugo, de levantarse y reclamar los fueros que les corresponden por derecho propio.

    ¡Ésa es la luz de esperanza que alumbra la humanidad!

 

 

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